Roy Cross's Blog

1. “Unless you’ve been living under a rock, you’ve probably heard of the YouTube sensation that is Mr Beast” is the first sentence of this article that I read last week. I’ve clearly been living under a rock! https://www.unilad.com/celebrity/news/mrbeast-x-elon-musk-youtube-earnings-835450-20240111

Intrigued (and chastised), I did some research on Mr Beast. Here’s a New Statesman article (which I hope you can read without subscribing; you may need to register) about him https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/social-media/2024/01/understand-gen-z-watch-mrbeast

This video of Mr Beast’s, Protect $500,000 Keep It!, attracted 13,631,744 views in the first five hours after it was posted two days ago (and has now been viewed nearly 68 million times) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ESeQBeikKs and this one, I Spent 7 Days In Solitary Confinement, has so far been viewed 109,214,641 times https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_CbgLpvH9E

More Mr Beast here if you think you can cope https://www.youtube.com/@MrBeast

2. This Friday, 19^th January, at 15:00 UK time sees the launch of the two volumes of Multilingual Learning in Sub-Saharan Africa by a stellar line-up of its editors and contributors. Volume 1 “explores the development and implementation of multilingual education in diverse African school contexts”, and Volume 2 “the persistence of former colonial languages and monolingual approaches in education, despite the proven effectiveness of multilingual pedagogies”. More info here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-KVn3_VMts

3. Tomasz Kamusella’s Words in Space and Time: a Historical Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe is free to download from the Central European University Press website https://ceupress.com/book/words-space-and-time PDF below; it’s a big file.

“With forty-two extensively annotated maps, this atlas offers novel insights into the history and mechanics of how Central Europe’s languages have been made, unmade, and deployed for political action. The innovative combination of linguistics, history, and cartography makes a wealth of hard-to-reach knowledge readily available to both specialist and general readers. It combines information on languages, dialects, alphabets, religions, mass violence, or migrations over an extended period of time.”

Thanks to Andrew King for sharing this one!

4. There are big differences between US states in terms of the native-to-the-state, other US, and non-US composition of their population – which must surely have an impact on a state’s culture, mustn’t it? https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/where-are-americans-born/ More Big Thinking here https://bigthink.com/

5. And, finally and by way of a contrast with Mr Beast, John Drew’s account of the metamorphosis of his own story of the first cricket match in India in 1721 into the medium of dance https://scroll.in/article/1062006/how-a-gujarati-dance-drama-recreated-the-first-known-instance-of-cricket-on-indian-soil-in-1721

Scroll https://scroll.in/ was new to me. Here’s their take on the separation of Burma (Myanmar) from the rest of British India https://scroll.in/magazine/1062050/why-burma-was-separated-from-british-india

1. In my first week at university reading English (in my own case, a much more appropriate verb than studying or writing), along with all my friends from school, we went to hear Jeremy Prynne lecture: one of our group, more au courant than me, had heard he was ‘the best lecturer ever’. And his lecture was indeed spectacular, a firework of a thing – all the more extraordinary because he’d forgotten his lecture notes. He turned his briefcase upside down but couldn’t find them, so gave the lecture “as best I can” from memory, pitch- and word-perfectly. I went every week to his lecture – a rare excursion of that kind for me – and enjoyed the series so much that I was there in good time for his first lecture the following year. For which he had forgotten his lecture notes …. That’s by way of long introduction to this extraordinary online collection of his guidance for students, Mr Prynne’s Notes and Materials for English Students https://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/documents/jhp13

PDFs of his Tips on Essays, Tips on Lectures and Tips on Reading below, to give you a taste.

2. Thanks to Dave Allan for bringing The Versatile ELT Blog to my attention. The author, James Thomas, modestly describes it as “a space for short articles about topics ​of interest to language teachers”. This week’s post, The mighty power of the asterisk, is typically eclectic https://www.versatile.pub/blog

3. English Medium Education in a multilingual francophone context: Primary school learning in Cameroon by Kuchah (Harry) Kuchah, Lizzi O. Milligan & Valentine N. Ubanako is a new ELTRA report, with a wider geographical and language relevance than its title might suggest: https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/publications/case-studies-insights-and-research/english-medium-education-multilingual-francophone

PDF below.

4. Time for our bi- (tri-?) monthly visit to the UKFIET blog, I reckon  Here’s three thought-provoking pieces from towards the end of last year:

Sustainability, Linguistic and Cultural Diversity and Decoloniality in European Schools by Rachel Bowden & Denise Hornig https://www.ukfiet.org/2023/sustainability-linguistic-and-cultural-diversity-and-decoloniality-in-european-schools/

The Gem Report is More Than Just a Report by Manos Antoninis https://www.ukfiet.org/2023/the-gem-report-is-more-than-just-a-report/

“Good Buys” Bought and Shelved – Reviving Unused Structured Teacher Guides in Afghanistan by Siddharth Pillai & Sarfaraz Sahebzada https://www.ukfiet.org/2023/good-buys-bought-and-shelved-reviving-unused-structured-teacher-guides-in-afghanistan/

5. And, finally, a reminder of Carol Rumens’s long-running ‘poem of the week’ – well into its seventeenth year! – in The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/books/series/poemoftheweek

Try Slow Waker by Thom Gunn https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/may/16/poem-of-the-week-slow-waker-by-thom-gunn

or Llyn Gwynant by Elizabeth-Jane Burnett https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2022/jun/27/poem-of-the-week-llyn-gwynant-by-elizabeth-jane-burnett

That second one’s for MS!

1. Will AI rule the world before too much longer? Here’s an interesting paper on exam marking in Spain (courtesy of OLDaily), Consistency analysis of assessment boards in University Entrance Examinations in Spain, the conclusion of which is that humans mark so badly – inconsistently – that AI would make a much better job of it. Online here https://osf.io/preprints/edarxiv/672sm and PDF below.

2. Teaching English as an International Language in the Cambridge Elements in Language Teaching series by Ali Fuad Selvi, Nicola Galloway & Heath Rose was free to download while I was away over Christmas and New Year, so I downloaded a copy while I could. Details online here https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/abs/teaching-english-as-an-international-language/083B560D9D34A42B66B8F9DBBD2F63C4 and PDF below. In future, I probably won’t offer a PDF of publications in this series as my doing so deprives the series editors of lots of useful download data – but I will make sure the free download is advertised in good time!

3. How to respond to the PM’s pride in his international dependant ban is a piece on the WONKHE blog by Wendy Alexander and David Pilsbury which, prompted by Rishi Sunak’s gleeful tweet at the New Year https://twitter.com/RishiSunak/status/1741782514270671194?lang=en-GB, makes the case for “a UK international strategy that responds, rather than reacts, to global concerns surrounding immigration” https://wonkhe.com/blogs/how-to-respond-to-the-pms-pride-in-his-international-dependant-ban-2-2/ I’ve tried to give Rishi Sunak the benefit of the doubt, partly because he’s a popular local MP up in Richmond and partly because he’s clearing up after Johnson and Truss, but that benefit is now exhausted.

If you’re puzzled by the use of both dependant and dependent as a noun in the WONKHE piece, here’s Webster’s take on that https://www.merriam-webster.com/grammar/spelling-variants-dependent-vs-dependant#:~:text=The%20difference%20between%20dependent%20and,more%20common%20for%20the%20noun.

4. I discovered the Radio 4 Classic Novels website over the holiday: it offers unabridged versions of over twenty classic novels https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09j3xmb

And there’s also a (slightly more diverse) Classic Stories equivalent with a hundred short stories https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06w4v4x/episodes/player

So far, I’ve rediscovered Jane Eyre and I’m halfway through Wuthering Heights, which was a set text for ‘O’ level that I remember enjoying but seem to have forgotten a great deal of!

5. And, finally, here’s Stuart Cassells of the Red Hot Chilli Pipers demonstrating the bagpipe to staff at Frankfurt Airport https://youtu.be/api4OnqwH5w?feature=shared Here’s two more Red Hot Chilli Pipers numbers: Hellbound Train https://youtu.be/TJ4NdxfWdvk?feature=shared and Smoke on the Water https://youtu.be/Isxaq6yuKxE?feature=shared

This is the last ‘Free Resources’ message for 2023. I’ll not be back till Tuesday 9^th January, so here’s some longer reads to keep you going. Enjoy your Christmas break if you’re having one!

1. What I miss – or may simply have missed – in the 2023 edition of the British Council’s Global Perceptions report is any discussion of what young people think are the most important issues and challenges facing us today. Over 1,000 young people from each of 18 G20 countries were interviewed, with Russia not being included (but being much discussed) this time round. South Africa is the only African member of the G20. PDFs of whole report and conclusion only below.

2. Climate is certainly one thing that young people around the world give very high priority to. Thanks to Dave Reay for pointing me in the direction of this very comprehensive report on COP 28 https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop28-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-dubai/ Best dipped into rather than read straight through!

3. Two reports on AI and Education next: first, the UK Department for Education’s summary of the responses to their ‘call for evidence’ on Generative artificial intelligence in education:

https://consult.education.gov.uk/digital-strategy/generative-artificial-intelligence-in-education/

second, the British Council’s comprehensive literature-review-cum-forecast on Artificial intelligence and English language teaching: Preparing for the future

https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/publications/case-studies-insights-and-research/artificial-intelligence-and-english-language

PDFs of both below.

3. The most recent issue of ELTJ (English Language Teaching Journal) has, as usual, a number of open access articles https://academic.oup.com/eltj/issue/77/4 PDFs of four that caught my fancy below:

i) CELTA tutors’ beliefs about online tutoring practices by Anna Hasper and Gary Barkhuizen https://academic.oup.com/eltj/article/77/4/479/7084637

ii) Exploratory action research: experiences of Nepalese EFL teachers by Sagun Shrestha, Suman Laudari & Laxman Gnawali  https://academic.oup.com/eltj/article/77/4/407/6693606

iii) In the Key Concepts in ELT series, English-medium instruction (EMI) by Ute Smit https://academic.oup.com/eltj/article/77/4/499/7197470

iv) Academic Coloniality in ELT: the case of an Algerian University by Walid Daffri & Hadjer Taibi. https://academic.oup.com/eltj/article/77/4/470/7083635

PDFs of all four below.

5. And, finally and more recent than I’d imagined, the world’s first ‘Word-Cross Puzzle’https://lithub.com/can-you-solve-the-very-first-published-crossword-puzzle/

1. If Christmas is something you simply can’t ignore in your part of the world, Onestopenglish have a variety of resources for Christmas lessons here, many of which (not all) are free to access https://www.onestopenglish.com/

2. OUP have clearly been taken to task for not practising what they preach. “We hope”, they say, “that you enjoyed our paper on Multimodality – but you may be asking yourself “Why wasn’t it multimodal?” Ask no more! We’ve created a digital, interactive version of the paper filled with videos and resources to help you explore the topic more easily!” Better late than never and it works well! https://oup.pagetiger.com/oup-multimodality-in-elt/nov-2023

3. Bookpocalypse: AI and the Risks to Literature and Free Expression was the title of the annual English PEN HG Wells Lecture that Monica Ali gave at the end of last month in Newcastle, exploring the threat that AI may pose to novelists and creatives in the future https://youtu.be/BWD4P5VFtrQ?feature=shared

The transcript of Monica’s lecture is here https://pentransmissions.com/2023/12/01/bookpocalypse-ai-and-the-risks-to-literature-and-free-expression/

and a reminder that the PEN blog, Transmissions, is here https://pentransmissions.com/

4. Three from BBC Radio 4 that I’ve enjoyed on my way up and down the A1 between Cambridge and Richmond recently:

i) Andrew Scott’s reading of James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in ten fifteen-minute episodes https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09rx6hl

 ii) this year’s Reith Lectures by Ben Ansell, Our Democratic Future, in which he asks how we can make politics work for all of us in the 21st century https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00729d9 The last lecture of the four is broadcast tomorrow.

iii) Annie Ernaux’s The Years, miraculously compressed https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/m001t2xz

5. And, finally and soothingly, Sheep in Winter by John Clare https://poets.org/poem/sheep-winter

1. As usual with Green Action ELT events, scroll down the page a little* for more information on this one on at 14:00 UK time tomorrow, Friday 15 December, Showcasing 2023: inspiring environmental stories from ELT https://green-action-elt.uk/events/ Registration here https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYkceyhrjopE9a7nIzpBobH5EzRW0dFdE9z#/registration

* Old fogey that I sometimes feel, I used to think that all files and still think that all web pages should have the most recent stuff on top! (The MS Word editor flagged ‘old fogey’ and warned me that ‘some age-related terms may strike your readers as biased’.)

2. Three pieces I’ve read recently on the war in Palestine:

i) a forthright interview with the former prime minister of Qatar in Der Spiegel, possibly too forthright for the interviewer’s comfort https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/former-qatari-premier-on-the-gaza-conflict-the-worst-thing-would-be-a-ceasefire-without-a-plan-a-bb9af49a-5c72-4767-8fc5-baac68cf67e3

ii) a piece (that I hope you can access) by Martha Giessen in The New Yorker, In the Shadow of the Holocaust, that puts the Der Spiegel interviewer’s discomfort into historical perspective https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-weekend-essay/in-the-shadow-of-the-holocaust Let me know if you can’t access that second one, and I’ll see what I can do for you.

iii) Selma Dabbagh’s post on the LRB blog about the situation in Gaza, Don’t Look Away https://www.lrb.co.uk/blog/2023/december/don-t-look-away

3. Two pieces on ‘male language’ from The Conversation:

i) a little more on that word ‘rizz’ by Tom F. Wright from Sussex University, Rizz: I study the history of charisma – here’s why the word of the year is misunderstood https://theconversation.com/rizz-i-study-the-history-of-charisma-heres-why-the-word-of-the-year-is-misunderstood-219673

ii) a whole lot of other words I’d never heard or read before in this piece by Robert Lawson from Birmingham City University, A dictionary of the manosphere: five terms to understand the language of online male supremacists https://theconversation.com/a-dictionary-of-the-manosphere-five-terms-to-understand-the-language-of-online-male-supremacists-200206

4. I think there’s something in what John McWhorter says in this guest post on the Persuasion blog, Say No to Police Profanity https://www.persuasion.community/p/say-no-to-police-profanityMcWhorter teaches linguistics at Columbia University and writes for the New York Times.You can find his podcast, Lexicon Valley, here https://substack.com/@johnmcwhorterand here’s his most recent piece for the NYT, Black Students Are Being Trained to Think They Can’t Handle Discomfort http://tinyurl.com/3psk23my

5. And, finally, with its origins in Bokhara in Uzbekistan, a piece from Taste by Jason Diamond, The Many Garlics of My Childhood https://tastecooking.com/the-many-garlics-of-my-childhood/

Blog version: https://roycross.blog/

1. The culmination of the European Centre for Modern Languages’ 6th ‘medium-term programme’ of projects, Inspiring innovation in language education: changing contexts, evolving competences, which ran from 2020 to 2023, is the conference tomorrow and Wednesday, 13^th & 14^th December, f2f in Graz and online.

Programme here (and PDF below)  https://www.ecml.at/ECML-Programme/Programme2020-2023/Conference2023/tabid/5804/language/en-GB/Default.aspx

and live stream from 13:00 UK time tomorrow and 08:00 UK time on Thursday here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6VeykCphsc

2. There was talk on the radio this morning of politicians ‘simply parroting empty platitudes’. The good news is that they now have real competition https://news.northeastern.edu/2023/04/21/parrots-talking-video-calls/

3. The December edition of HLT (Humanising Language Teaching) is just out https://www.hltmag.co.uk/dec22/ No immediately obvious geographical focus this time. Try the following:

Telegram as a Tool for Remote Teacher Training by Juana Sagaray, Maria Teresa Fernandez & Wendy Arnold https://www.hltmag.co.uk/dec22/page/?title=Telegram+as+a+Tool+for+Remote+Teacher+Training&pid=4125

What is ‘Zoom Fatigue’ and How Does It Affect Language Teachers? by Jill Hadfield and Lindsay Clandfield https://www.hltmag.co.uk/dec22/what-is-zoomfatigue

PDFs of both articles below.

4. If you don’t know what umuzigo w’inyongera means or even what language it is, ask Google Translate, as I did. Without batting an eyelid, it identified the language as Kinyarwanda and offered ‘additional burden’ as the translation – a more difficult challenge than my usual enquiries about the position of the accents on French words!

The authors of this newly published paper, Umuzigo w’inyongera: girls’ differential experiences of the double-burden of language and gender in Rwandan English medium secondary education,Lizzi O. Milligan, Aline Dorimana, Aloysie Uwizeyemariya, Alphonse Uworwabayeho, Terra Sprague, Laela Adamson and (Harry to his friends) Kuchah Kuchah, as you can see from the paper title, translate umuzigo w’inyongera as ‘double burden’, which I reckon just beats Google Translate to the draw.

“Decades of research have consistently demonstrated the negative role of an unfamiliar language of learning and teaching in children’s educational experiences and outcomes across sub-Saharan Africa. Concurrently, there has been substantial literature that has highlighted the role of contextualised gendered norms  and  practices  in  constraining  girls’  educational  access,  experiences  and  outcomes. However, there has been extremely limited consideration of the impact of the language that girls learn in.”

Download here https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09500782.2023.2288635

and PDF below.

5. One TeachingEnglish event that wasn’t explicitly mentioned in the programme that I posted the other day was Robin Skipsey’s Facebook Live talk this Thursday, 14^th December, at 10:00 UK time, How do we support literary obstacles in the young teen classroom?

You can join the 349 people already interested at the time of writing here https://www.facebook.com/events/883446160162306/?acontext=%7B%22event_action_history%22%3A[]%7D&locale=en_GB

Ever so slightly mistitled, I suggest!

6. And, finally, gleaned from a footnote in Keiron Pim’s biography of Joseph Roth that I’m much enjoying reading, a tram-ride through Vienna in 1906 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pN6SrB6r3MA

1. Here (below) is a useful one-page summary PDF of TeachingEnglish activity in December. Scan the QR code in the bottom right hand corner to subscribe to their newsletter for yourself, or sign up directly here https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/subscribe-our-newsletter

The TeachingEnglish team are also looking for speakers for their online events https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/call-speakers-2024-5 Don’t be shy now!

2. The final event in LanguageCert’s ‘Energise Your Classroom’ series of webinars, Using Music to Inspire Language Learners, is next Wednesday, 13^th December at 15:00 UK time. Registration here: https://us06web.zoom.us/webinar/register/2516934794964/WN_vMlVl3ETSvSxTbcrYpOElg#/registration

3. I pinched this one from Timothy Shanahan’s blog, Shanahan on Literacy from The ELT Buzz News Report, Why Main Idea is Not the Main Idea – Or, How Best to Teach Reading Comprehension https://www.shanahanonliteracy.com/blog/why-main-idea-is-not-the-main-idea-or-how-best-to-teach-reading-comprehension

More Buzz here https://eltbuzz.substack.com/p/the-elt-buzz-news-report-741

4. The London Review of Books try quite hard to have you buy a subscription to their podcast, Close Readings. The good news is that you don’t have to! Info on the whole series, including the paid-for options, here https://www.lrb.co.uk/podcasts-and-videos/podcasts/close-readings

Try Irina Dumitrescu & Mary Wellesley on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight https://www.lrb.co.uk/podcasts-and-videos/podcasts/close-readings/medieval-beginnings-sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight

or Mark Ford & Seamus Perry on Katherine Mansfield’s short stories https://www.lrb.co.uk/podcasts-and-videos/podcasts/close-readings/the-long-and-short-katherine-mansfield-s-short-stories

5. My Hajj is an account which taught me a lot by Adnan Mahmutović from Stockholm of the haji trip he made earlier this year to Medina and Mecca https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2023/november/my-hajj-adnan-mahmutovic

6. And, finally, my favourite saxophonist, Jan Garbarek https://youtu.be/bLOlcYD3VkY?feature=shared

1. Hmm! I’d never heard the Oxford English Dictionary’s word of the year, rizz, until this morning (and it’s not in my MS Word dictionary either, not yet anyway) https://corp.oup.com/news/rizz-crowned-oxford-word-of-the-year-2023/ Are they possibly trying too hard to be cool?

This was the eight-word shortlist from which rizz emerged as the winner https://corp.oup.com/news/eight-words-go-head-to-head-for-oxford-word-of-the-year-2023/

Other dictionaries’ ‘words of the year’ were announced a little earlier https://roycross.blog/2023/11/17/friday-17th-november-cambridge/

2. I was looking for another New York Times article that I wanted to ‘gift’ – a long essay on AI – this afternoon and couldn’t find it, but I stumbled over this collection of short films about immigration to the USA, with an introduction by Viet Thanh Nguyen the author of The Sympathizer, instead, From Here to Home: five films about immigration and belonging https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/19/opinion/opdocs-immigration.html (Don’t think I need to ‘gift’ it, so just the standard URL.)

Here’s the Wikipedia entry on The Sympathiser https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sympathizer

3. And then I found the AI article under my nose on today’s front page! Inside the A.I. Arms Race That Changed Silicon Valley Forever https://tinyurl.com/y3f66984

“ChatGPT’s release a year ago triggered a desperate scramble among tech companies and alarm from some of the people who helped invent it.”

4. There may be a very simple reason for some countries’ greater success in international education surveys like the PISA test: having the same teacher for longer. Here’s Diane Ravitch’s Blog: Adam Grant: What We Can Learn From International Assessments https://nepc.colorado.edu/blog/adam-grant

Coincidentally – honest! – the 2022 PISA test results were published today: https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/

5. Two ‘and finallys’ today, as I’m not sure how this works if you don’t have a Telegraph account: Ed Cumming’s account of the supermodel, Aitana López This woman is Spain’s hottest model – but she’s not real https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/04/aitana-lopez-ai-influencer-social-media-artificial/You can register for a free Telegraph account.

6. And today’s second ‘and, finally’, an old fogey video from the BBC archive, 1977: Skateboarding Craze Hits the UK https://youtu.be/VfJjmMLbQoA?feature=shared

1. Oak National Academy here in the UK is in the news at present, as a result of the UK government’s plans to have Oak offer free curriculum resources to schools, described in apocalyptic terms by The Bookseller as “an unprecedented and unevidenced intervention that risks causing irreparable damage to the school sector as we know it”.

Oak have been quick off the mark: here’s an introductory lesson on the history of the English language https://www.thenational.academy/teachers/programmes/english-secondary-ks3-l/units/the-oral-tradition-7424/lessons/the-english-language-cgw36d#slide-deck and there’s many more of Oak’s ‘time-saving teaching resources’ here https://www.thenational.academy/#teachers

Here’s the whole of that piece from The Bookseller, outlining the controversy from a publisher’s perspective https://www.thebookseller.com/news/high-court-decides-judicial-review-claim-over-oak-national-academy-can-proceed

2. Stacks more resources here, in the Education & Training Foundation (ETF) resource library https://www.et-foundation.co.uk/resources/resource-library/ Put ‘ESOL’ or ‘English’ in the search bar, if that’s what you’re after, as ‘ELT’ doesn’t produce any results. Thanks to Nik Peachey for this one!

3. Can technology narrow the equity gap in language education? is – nay, was! – the title of the next PIE webinar at 13:00 UK time this Thursday, 30^th November. I got my dates in a muddle. But you can register to watch the recording here (at double speed if you like) https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_A9nIU1nwSUiZhZDpjPXsFA#/registration

4. There’s a new ‘position paper’ out from OUP, written by Hayo Reinders, Supporting Refugees: a primer for language teachers https://corp.oup.com/news/new-paper-equips-teachers-and-schools-to-support-refugee-learners/

“In recent years, many language teachers have experienced having one or more refugee learners in their classes. Such learners often have specific educational, social, and affective needs, which many teachers feel they are ill equipped to deal with. This position paper is written with such teachers in mind, particularly those who have not received specialized training in teaching refugee learners.”

 5. And, finally, some great Venn diagrams from Matt Shirley. Try #2, A Little Venn I Made and #4, Tag Someone Who Listens To Bad Music Loudly https://www.boredpanda.com/hilarious-relatable-charts-matt-shirley-2/